Posts tagged ‘K-12’
Why we want more girls interested in computing
Nice new infographic from NCWIT making the case for engaging more women in computing, and giving tips on how to do it.
Just 9 states allow computer science to count towards high school graduation requirements.
If technology is designed mostly by the half of our population that’s male, we’re missing out on the innovations, solutions, and creations that 50% of the population could bring.
The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that by 2020 there will be more than 1.4 million computing-related job openings. At current rates, however, we can only fill about 30% of those jobs with U.S. computing bachelor’s grads. Girls represent a valuable, mostly untapped talent pool.
With computing jobs among the fastest-growing and highest-paying, more women should benefit from these occupations.
via infographic | National Center for Women & Information Technology.
Moving the Needle Across Georgia in K-12 Computing Education
Nice piece with how-to lessons from Barb, based on her Grace Hopper talk.
From advocacy to action. In the previous session I attended at #ghc12, Are we there yet: education & innovation for women & girls?, I heard a clarion call for moving from advocacy to action. In this session, Barbara Ericson, newly minted A. Richard Newton Educator award winner, answers the question – how? First, I think it is interesting that she is a women who did not start out in education, but comes from industry. She also didn’t start out to pursue computing as a career, horses and therefore becoming a veterinarian was her passion. As with many women of my generation, she stumbled unto computer science in college and she also remembers that in the “early days” it was not such a male-dominated field. Somewhere along her journey, she became passionate about addressing the gender equity issues that arose. Barbara is a great role model for the rest of us that are also passionate about this issue and want to take action.
via shining like the sun • Moving the Needle Across Georgia in K-12 Computing Education.
Planet CAS: Blogs About Computing At School in the UK
I’ve been enjoying the Community pages for the UK Computing at Schools effort — so much going on there! I just saw a link from Michael Kölling referencing the blog linked below — an aggregator of UK computing education blogs. Really interesting set!
This is a blog aggregator collecting together the latest content from various blogs relating to computing in schools in the UK. The aggregator is maintained by Neil Brown (@twistedsq), who decides which blogs to include. Roughly, the inclusion criteria are that the blog should:
be related to computing (not just ICT or the use of technology) at school, with a UK focus,
be at least semi-regularly updated (a new post at least every 90 days),
have several posts already,
feature original content (not just links or quotes).
Survey on Scaling K-12 Computer Science Education: Please Complete!
NSF has reached out to the education side (yay — we really need that!) to start to get a handle on what it will take to scale CS education across the US in schools. Cameron Wilson wrote a blog post on the effort (quoted and linked below). The University of Chicago “landscape survey” that they’re asking everyone involved in K-12 CS Education to take is here. Please do fill it out and help U. Chicago get a picture of what’s going on now.
It’s a comprehensive survey — be sure to leave enough time for it. The goal is to get a handle on our overall capacity to offer professional development. So, the survey is asking for details on every offering of every professional development session across the country, including uploaded agendas (i.e., you can’t provide a URL to a webpage). We’re still trying to understand some of the terms in the survey, e.g., an on-line component seems to imply a webinar or using a tool like Piazza outside of the face-to-face time.
Ensuring wide-spread access to rigorous and engaging K-12 computer science education is a grand challenge, and this challenge revolves around key questions: How much professional development around new curricular approaches do we need and what models are out there? How are we going to directly engage with states, school districts and teachers on these issues? What will campaigns of sustained advocacy and awareness look like that will ensure the policy environment supports reform? If we are successful in scaling, how do we sustain reform?
The University of Chicago’s Urban Education Institute (UEI) and the University of Chicago’s Center for Elementary Mathematics and Science Education (CEMSE) are carrying out an 18-month study for ACM’s partnership to better understand the answers to these questions and the availability and nature of computer science professional development for K-12 teachers.
via All Hands on Deck! Scaling K-12 Computer Science Education | blog@CACM | Communications of the ACM.
Weekend newspaper coverage on computing for all, especially kids
The NYTimes had an article on Saturday on “Computer Science for the Rest of Us” which was all about broad introductory computing classes at the college level. I exchanged email with the author before the column came out, pointing out several sources and mentioning Media Computation. Randy felt that Georgia Tech’s experience with computing for everyone was less compelling, because Georgia Tech is an “engineering school.” He said that he was more interested in programs that cater to humanities majors — which is what MediaComp is, because we developed it to reach Liberal Arts, Architecture, and Management majors.
More interesting is the whole section of The Guardian focused on computing education. I learned about it from Nick Falkner’s post on CS as a fundamental 21st century skill, and then from other readers who forwarded me the link — thanks! I was most impressed by the open letter to the UK Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, “A manifesto for teaching computer science in the 21st century.” John Naughton really gets why CS in K-12 matters, and understands (better than most programmers) that teaching computing is not about threatening the programmer elites.
[T]hey are not the most important justification, which is that in a world shaped and dependent on networking technology, an understanding of computing is essential for informed citizenship.
3. We believe every child should have the opportunity to learn computer science, from primary school up to and including further education. We teach elementary physics to every child, not primarily to train physicists but because each of them lives in a world governed by physical systems. In the same way, every child should learn some computer science from an early age because they live in a world in which computation is ubiquitous. A crucial minority will go on to become the engineers and entrepreneurs who drive the digital economy, so there is a complementary economic motivation for transforming the curriculum.
Is Learning Computing Like Eating Vegetables?
I share Geeky Mom’s concerns about students finding Scratch (Scratch?!? Really?!?) too hard, and the notion of learning computing becoming like eating vegetables. Computing is the most expressive and powerful medium that humans have ever invented — surely, it’s not brussell sprouts!
I’ve been having conversations with various students about learning Scratch. I find it really helpful just to ask for honest answers, and I love that most 8th graders will actually be honest. The main answer I get about learning Scratch is that students find it too hard. It’s too much work, they say, to get any good results. Or it’s too tedious. I find this interesting because they’ll do math and science that’s also pretty hard.
Reports abound that CS is a great field economically. Yet, it’s not filled with women. It’s also not gaining too much traction in high schools. We keep telling people that CS is “good for you” but people aren’t engaging. Is Scratch like putting ice cream on brussell sprouts? Or worse, maybe it is brussell sprouts. If that’s true, I’m not sure how to fix that. Look at what’s going on with nutrition these days. Eat your vegetables has been a mantra for years and yet, our obesity problem increases.
Scratch Jr: Introducing Programming to Preschoolers
How cool! I’m interested in the changes that they’re recommending for Scratch Jr and the rationale that they’re offering.
In focus groups with teachers and children, the Scratch Jr research team has also noticed that younger children struggle with the number of blocks needed to create a program. “The relationship between cause and effect needs to be clearer for this age group,” Bers said. The idea is to reorganize the program so kids can focus on only one thing at a time.
Younger children also have trouble distinguishing between the colors in Scratch, (Scratch Jr will be redone in bright, primary colors), and they struggle with how Scratch moves from top to bottom (Scratch Jr will move from side to side.)
Desperate need for more expertise in computing, across sectors
The argument below for more computing education is a bit different from the most common one. Yes, industry needs more computer scientists and engineers, so we need to draw more people into those fields. Starting in high school (and earlier) is important because students are getting turned off to computing careers as early as middle school (see Yardi & Bruckman, ICER 2007), so we need to give them a chance to see real computing earlier so that they can give it a fair consideration.
But this piece in Education Week (thanks to John Pane for pointing it out to me!) is also arguing that “all sectors” are “demanding more and more expertise in computing.” Even if you’re not going to become a professional software developer, your field is going to need you to know more about computing. We should do this in K-12, then. This is really an argument for computing for everyone. Yes!
“The demand by industry is far greater than supply. Its not just Google and Microsoft. Its all sectors: health care, transportation, manufacturing. Every sector is demanding more and more expertise in computing.” Private companies say they are developing programs to mentor students and sustain interest in computer science and engineering.
via Education Week: Educators, Innovators Call for Earlier Introduction to Computer Science.
A conference on primary and secondary computing education research
Interesting — a computing education research conference in Germany, explicitly focused on pre-college computing education.
CFP: The 7th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education
WiPSCE 2012
November 8-9, 2012, Hamburg, Germany
http://wipsce.org/
CALL FOR PAPERS AND PARTICIPATION
We invite you to submit a paper for the 7th Workshop in Primary and
Secondary Computing Education (WiPSCE) and join us in Hamburg, Germany,
in November 2012.
Research in primary and secondary computing education is a young field
with strong ties to national educational systems. Nevertheless, its
theories, methods, and results are internationally applicable and of
interest to both researchers and practitioners in this field. WiPSCE has
its roots in a long-running workshop of the German computing education
community and now – based on this ten year tradition – aims at improving
the exchange of research and practice relevant to teaching and learning
in primary and secondary computing education, teacher training, and
related research.
The 2012 workshop will be located in the exciting city of Hamburg -
Germany’s so-called “Gateway to the World”. It is organized by the
University of Hamburg in collaboration with the University of Potsdam.
WORKSHOP FORMAT
WiPSCE is the workshop of the special interest group in Secondary
Computing Education of the German Association of Informatics (GI) and
originates from the German “Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe Didaktik der
Informatik”. WiPSCE aims to publish high quality research that is
theoretically and empirically anchored and involves innovative teaching
and learning approaches in primary and secondary computing education.
WiPSCE is a single track workshop with research, practice, and systems
presentations as well as keynote speeches. The workshop language is
English. The workshop is known for its moderate size and lively
discussions, consequently a limited number of submissions will be accepted.
TOPICS
Original submissions in all areas related to primary and secondary
computing education are invited. Topics of interest include, but are not
limited to:
* Learning: attitudes, beliefs, motivation, misconceptions, learning
difficulties, student engagement with educational technology (e.g.
visualization), conceptualization of computing
* Teaching: teaching approaches, teaching methods, teaching with
educational technology
* Content: curricular aspects, learning standards, tools, didactical
approaches, context relevant teaching, assessment
* Institutional aspects: establishing and enhancing computing education,
professional development
SPECIAL TOPIC
“Grand Challenges in Primary and Secondary Computing Education”
What are the grand challenges in primary and secondary education within
the next decade? Which issues will unfold, persist or dominate in the
near future? Which research questions need to be addressed? Which
obstacles need to be overcome?
Well explained analyses, theories, and opinions are highly welcome for
this special session at WiPSCE 2012.
SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
Submissions are invited for the following categories:
Full Paper (6-12 pages)
Full papers are expected to meet one of the two categories:
* Empirical Research Paper: Unpublished, original, theoretically
anchored research relevant to the topics of the workshop. Empirical
research papers are expected to be of high quality and present novel
arguments, syntheses, results, methods or tools.
* Theoretical and Philosophical Research Paper: Unpublished, original,
theoretically anchored research which includes dissemination and
discussion of new ideas, theoretical analyses, or the proposition of an
original theory relevant to the topics of the workshop.
Short Paper (3-4 pages)
Short papers are expected to present unpublished, original work in
progress related to empirical or theoretical research relevant to the
topics of the workshop.
Practical or Working Group Report (6-12 pages)
Reports are expected to present unpublished, original on-going work
undertaken by larger groups as part of long-term, cooperative research
projects.
Demo/Poster Abstract (2 pages)
Demo/Poster abstracts should present emerging ideas for future research,
teaching practice, or tools.
Submissions are required to follow the standard ACM two-column format
with a 9-point font. The review process will be double-blind, so authors
are requested not to include their names and affiliations when
submitting and to cite their prior work appropriately. Detailed
submission information is available athttp://wipsce.org/.
REVIEW PROCESS AND PUBLICATION
To ensure selection of high quality contributions, submissions for Full
Papers are reviewed by at least three members of the international
Program Committee. Short Paper submissions and Demo/Poster Abstracts are
reviewed by at least two members of the Program Committee. The WiPSCE
Program Committee takes pride in considering submissions thoroughly and
providing constructive feedback.
All accepted contributions will be available as electronic
pre-proceedings prior to the workshop. The papers from the workshop will
be indexed and are planned to be available through the ACM Digital
Library (approval pending). A printed volume of the proceedings can be
ordered after the workshop.
At least one author must register and present accepted papers in order
for the paper to be included in the workshop proceedings.
IMPORTANT DATES
Submission deadline: June 11, 2012
Re-submission deadline (*): June 24, 2012
Notification of acceptance: August 30, 2012
Submission of revised manuscripts: October 1, 2012
Early Registration deadline: October 15, 2012
Registration and Welcome reception:
Evening of November 7, 2012
Workshop: November 8-9, 2012
(*) We offer a re-submission slack. This means that title and abstract
of papers must be submitted by the June 11 deadline, but it will be
possible to upload the full versions of papers until June 24. Paper
abstracts that are not submitted by the June 11 deadline will not be
considered.
CONFERENCE CHAIRS
Maria Knobelsdorf (University of Potsdam, Germany)
Ralf Romeike (University of Potsdam, Germany)
PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Michal Armoni (Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel)
Tim Bell (University of Canterbury, New Zealand)
Roger Boyle (University of Leeds, UK)
Torsten Brinda (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany)
Michael E. Caspersen (University of Aarhus, Denmark)
Paul Curzon (Queen Mary University of London, UK)
Ira Diethelm (University of Oldenburg, Germany)
Judith Gal-Ezer (The Open University of Israel, Israel)
Mark Guzdial (Georgia Institute of Technology, USA)
Peter Hubwieser (University of Technology, Munich, Germany)
Michael Kölling (University of Kent, UK)
Yifat Ben-David Kolikant (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel)
Johannes Magenheim (University of Paderborn, Germany)
Ulrik Schroeder (RWTH Aachen University, Germany)
Carsten Schulte (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany)
Peer Stechert (RBZ Technik Kiel, Germany)
Chris Stephenson (CSTA, USA)
Jan Vahrenhold (Technical University Dortmund, Germany)
LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS
Detlef Rick (University of Hamburg, Germany)
Axel Schmolitzky (University of Hamburg, Germany)
CONTACT
For more information please visit the WiPSCE websitehttp://wipsce.org/
or contact
Maria Knobelsdorf (knobelsdorf@cs.uni-potsdam.de),
Ralf Romeike (romeike@cs.uni-potsdam.de), or
Detlef Rick (rick@informatik.uni-hamburg.de).
The Royal Society wants every UK Child to learn Computing
The Royal Society’s report on “Computing in Schools” was released yesterday, and it makes broad and significant recommendations. Much of the report is focused on preparing teachers for a rigorous computer science curriculum, and on creating an infrastructure in schools where computing is available and maintained. The report is frank and honest about the challenges of implementing a rigorous computer science curriculum in schools.
I am most excited for what the report recommends about the curriculum. The overall goal is “Every child should have the opportunity to learn Computing at school.” The specifics include:
- Every child should be expected to be ‘digitally literate’ by the end of compulsory education, in the same way that every child is expected to be able to read and write.
- Every child should have the opportunity to learn concepts and principles from Computing (including Computer Science and Information Technology) from the beginning of primary education onwards, and by age 14 should be able to choose to study towards a recognised qualification in these areas.
Given the lack of specialist teachers, we recommend that only the teaching of digital literacy is made statutory at this point. However, the long-term aim should be to move to a
situation where there are sufficient specialist teachers to enable all young people to study
Information Technology and Computer Science at school. Accordingly, the Government should put in place an action plan to achieve this.
“Statutory” courses (and the report goes into some detail about what “statutory” means and why they make that recommendation)! Computing for everyone! Think about what you could do in science, mathematics, and business classes if you could assume that everyone knew something about computer science from age 14. Maybe Seymour Papert’s vision of computing being used to create a “Mathland” could finally be realized in the UK. Think about how higher education computer science would change if you could assume several years of introductory computer science already. Here in the US? Well, we’ll always have drills and drafting tables.
This is CS in K-12: Career & Technical Education
Computer science in most states in K-12 is classified as “Career and Technical Education” (according to the Running on Empty report). ”Maybe that’s okay. Computing is important for many careers,” say some who hear this tidbit. Maybe they don’t realize what “Career and Technical Education” is.
I’m now on a mailing list for career and technical education. (CS in Georgia is in Career, Technical, and Agricultural Education.) Yesterday, I got a catalog from a company that specializes in career and technical education. Here’s what it looks like. The people who pick the drills for your local high school may also be the ones who pick what programming languages are taught (if any). Computer science is in shop class. There’s nothing wrong with shop class. I’m not convinced that the preparation that makes you great at picking drills also makes you great at picking attributes of CS classes.
New curriculum for CS in UK Schools
I have heard a rumor that the UK “Computing in Schools” report is coming out tomorrow. The commentary is starting today. The below quote on what’s going to be in the new curriculum is quite striking — that’s a dramatic CS curriculum! The BBC report calls the new curriculum “open source” (what is an “open source curriculum”? A curriculum that uses open source tools?), and does raise the issue (my paraphrase), “Great, now you have a significant curriculum — who’s going to teach it?!?”
“Instead of children bored out of their minds being taught how to use Word or Excel by bored teachers, we could have 11-year-olds able to write simple 2D computer animations,” he said.
Computer games entrepreneur Ian Livingstone, an adviser to Mr Gove, envisages a new curriculum that could have 16-year-olds creating their own apps for smartphones and 18-year-olds able to write their own simple programming language.
via BBC News – School ICT to be replaced by computer science programme.
CS Education Act introduced into Congress
Exciting to hear that CS education is getting this kind of attention. I’d love to actually see what’s in the bill. Anybody know how to find the text?
To reverse these troubling trends and prepare Americans for jobs in this high-wage, high-growth field, the Computer Science Education Act will:
- Ensure computer science offerings are an integral part of the curriculum;
- Develop state computer science standards, curriculum, and assessments;
- Improve access to underserved populations;
- Create professional development and teacher certification initiatives, including computer science teacher preparation programs in higher education;
- Form a commission on computer science education to bring states together to address the computer science teacher certification crisis; and,
- Establish an independent, rigorous evaluation of state efforts with reporting back to Congress and the administration.
via Robert P. Casey Jr. | United States Senator for Pennsylvania: Newsroom – Press Releases.
New Danish Computing Curriculum for Schools: Guest post from Michael Caspersen
Michael Caspersen of Aarhus Unversity just told me about the new computing curriculum that he’s been working on for Danish schools. The links below are all in Danish, but he sent me an English summary:
The new subject is being tested for a three year period, and we expect it eventually to replace all of the current six IT subjects. The existing IT subjects each represent a specific and rather narrow view on computing, they are all elective, and they have (almost) no students. I think there are three main reasons why there are so few students in the six “old” IT subjects: the nature of the subjects, curriculum structure, and (lack of) teacher competence.
- The first reason is that the subjects are not adressing what the students in general are interested in (the subjects represent very specific and rather narrow views on computing, e.g. programming).
- The second reason is structure. The curent IT subjects are electives, and the current organization of the high school curriculum is unfavorable to small elective subjects — particularly if they don’t qualify for studies at university (or in higher ed in general).
- There is also a third reason. Because the six “old” IT subjects are unpopular, they are seldom offered (lack of critical mass). This means that (1) the field is unattractive for people with a computing background (you can’t teach the subject regularly), and (2) there is no need for recruiting new teachers. Consequently, teachers in the field are relatively old, has little or no background in computing, and are generally not in a position to renew and revitalise the subject. A perfect recipe for a death spiral.
We have aimed at identifying a core set of topics that characterize computing and that can be approached from different perspectives. The seven topics are:
- Importance of computing and influence on human behaviour
- The architecture of IT systems
- Representation and manipulation of data
- Programming
- Modeling and structuring of data, processes and systems
- Interaction design
- Innovation
I am aware that there are many possible interpretations of the topics mentioned above. Below I have tried to sketch our interpretation which I hope also motivates the inclusion of each topic — in case you are interested.
————————————————————————————–
1. Importance of computing and influence on human behaviour
To truly understand and appreciate the importance of computing in modern society, the pupils must be presented to a portfolio of important and for the students relevant systems and innovations (e.g. facebook, iTunes, GPS-based navigation systems, email, health care systems, etc.) — systems that the students know and can relate to. The design of an IT systems has strong consequences for the people, organisations, and sociale systems who use it. Designers do not only design the system but also use patterns and workflows that unfold through the use of the system. The purpose is to make the pupils aware of the interplay between design of a system and the use patterns which the system intentionally or unintentionally generates.
Pupils should be able to
- give examples of the impact of IT systems on human behaviour
- analyse and assess the importance and implications of IT systems and how they impact human behaviour
- apply user-oriented techniques for construction or modification of IT systems
2. The Architecture of IT Systems (three-tier model)
The majority of IT systems are structured according to the so-called three-tier model consisting of a presentation tier, a logic tier, and a data tier. The model is relevant partly because it provides a general framework for understanding a very large class of IT systems, their components, and the interplay between these, and partly because the model is useful for qualified use of concrete systems, e.g. the Office package, Photoshop, iTunes, Facebook andgeneral types of systems, e.g. simulation tools, accounting systems, content management systems, mobile technology, and computer games.
Pupils should be able to
- describe principles for the architecture of IT systems
- apply specific architectures for construction of simpel IT products and adjustment of existing IT systems
3. Representation and manipulation of data
In order to understand the basic characteristics of the computer, the pupils must understand and work with representation and manipulation of data. The main point is that data need to be digitised in order to be represented in a computer and manipulated by programs. The purpose with this topic is that the pupils gain concrete experience with (and hence understanding of) representation and manipulation of data including the fact that digitising often results in loss of information. The other side of the coin is that digitising and manipuation makes it possible to create new data. IT security is another important issue which must be addressed.
Pupils should be able to
- describe the representation of selected types of data (e.g. images, sound, text, etc.) and construct IT products (programs) that make simple manipulations of data
- integrate various types of data in simple IT products and extend functionality of existing IT systems by adding new types of data
4. Programming
Computers are indeed very simple machines that gain their power through scale. The defining characteristics of the computer is it’s programmability and universality. Programming comes in many forms, but common to these is the principle of defining and hence automating computations which can be executed again and again with arbitrary data and data sets.
Pupils should be able to
- identify basics tructures in programming languages, construct IT products (simple programs) and adjust existing programs
- apply programming technologies for development of IT products and adjustment of existing IT systems
5. Modeling and structuring of data, processes and systems
The purpose with this topic is to provide insight into modeling where data, processes and systems are described at an abstract level where design alternatives and properties can be evaluated and choices and desicions can be made.
Pupils should be able to
- give examples of models of data, processes and systems and describe the relation between a concrete model and the relevant associated parts of an IT system
- implement selected models in a concrete IT product and adjust existing models and implement these adjustments in existing IT systems
6. Interaction design
The previous topic is primarily about models for elements of the presentation and logic tiers of the three-tier model. This topic is about models and designprinciples for the presentation tier — the interface where users and other systems meet an IT system. It’s the purpose that the pupils understand the premises for as well as the consequences and importance of interaction design.
Pupils should be able to
- describe and analyse selected elements of a user interface design, construct simple user interface designs and adjust existing designs
- implement selected interaction design in a concrete IT product and adjust existing designs and implement these adjustments in existing IT systems
7. Innovation
The subject treats innovation from a product as well as process perspective. The subject takes an innovative approach to IT product development and provides a background for understanding aspects of IT product development and the interplay between IT and users/society.
Pupils should be able to
- characterise innovative development processes and sketch ideas for innovative IT products.
=======================================
Brief overview (our home page, with lots of links)
http://cse.au.dk/projekter/nyt-it-fag-i-gymnasiet/
More background (it-vest home page, with lots of links)
http://www.it-vest.dk/aktiviteter/test-af-ny-side-it-i-gymnasiet/baggrund/
The official guidelines (Ministry of Education)
Teaching material for the new IT subject (Teacher Association, open source)
Google’s Eric Schmidt critiques lack of CS in UK education, and what the UK is doing about it
Of course, the US system is liable for the same criticism. But at least the UK is doing something about it. There was just announced an effort to teach software development in UK schools, and soon-to-be released Computing in Schools report is expected to lead to more and improved computing education in UK schools.
UK teachers putting the final touches to lessons plans for the new academic year were this week hit by harsh criticism from Google Chairman Eric Schmidt. Speaking in Edinburgh recently Schmidt had this to say about the UK educational system:
“I was flabbergasted to learn that today computer science isn’t even taught as standard in U.K. schools. Your IT curriculum focuses on teaching how to use software, but it doesn’t teach people how it’s made. It risks throwing away your great computing heritage.”
Schmidt went on to lament the growing divergence between science and arts and called on educators to “re-ignite children’s passion for science, engineering and math.” What he was saying is that giving children the skills to merely use computers is not enough. We need creators and innovators – education should inspire children to push the boundaries of what is possible and come up with new ‘best ways’ that us adults have never even thought of.
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